ENGLISH 11 GRADE: Simple And Complex Sentences

Simple Sentences

A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses.

Examples:

The singer bowed.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed.

The baby cried.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried.

The girl ran into her bedroom.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom.

In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases.

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause (subordinating clause). The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction such as although, or because or a relative pronoun such as who or which.

Examples:

When I saw what you have done, I was happy.
Independent clause: I was happy.
Dependent clause: When I saw what you have done

That you love me makes me happy.
A complex sentence with a sub-clause functioning as a subject.
Independent clause: (subject) makes me happy.
Dependent clause: That you love me (acting as the subject)

It makes me happy that you love me.
A clefted complex sentence with a sub-clause indicating what the dummy pronoun "It" refers to.
Independent clause: It makes me happy.
Dependent clause: that you love me

The book is where you have put it.
A complex sentence with a sub-clause functioning as subject complement. "Be" is a copula verb; it links the sub-clause to the subject.
Independent clause: The book is (complement).
Dependent clause: where you have put it (acting as the complement)

SCIENCE 11 GRADE: Sounds And Hearing

SOUNDS AND HEARING

Hearing Sense

Hearing (or audition) is one of the traditional five senses. It is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations via an organ such as the ear.

The inability to hear is called deafness.
In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: vibrations are detected by the ear and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the brain (primarily in the temporal lobe). Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation.

Sounds

Sound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations.

For humans, hearing is limited to frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz), with the upper limit generally decreasing with age. Other species have a different range of hearing.

For example: dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz. As a signal perceived by one of the major senses, sound is used by many species for detecting danger, navigation, predation, and communication. Earth's atmosphere, water, and virtually any physical phenomenon, such as fire, rain, wind, surf, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, marine and terrestrial mammals, have also developed special organs to produce sound.

In some species, these have evolved to produce song and speech. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound.

SOCIAL STUDIES 11 GRADE: Colombia And United States

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLOMBIA AND UNITED STATES

Colombia-United States of America relations have evolved from mutual cordiality during most of the 19th and early 20th centuries to a recent partnership that links the governments of both nations around several key issues, including fighting communism, the War on Drugs, and especially since 9/11, the threat of terrorism.

During the last fifty years, different American governments and their representatives have become involved in Colombian affairs through the implementation of policies concerned with the above issues. Some critics of current US policies in Colombia, such as Law Professor John Barry, consider that US influences have catalyzed internal conflicts and substantially expanded the scope and nature of human rights abuses in Colombia. [1]

Supporters, such as Under Secretary of State Marc Grossman, consider that the U.S. has promoted respect for human rights and the rule of law in Colombia, in addition to the fight against drugs and terrorism.

In the coming weeks and months, the United States Congress faces decisions on the U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement and the future of support for the fifth largest recipient of U.S. assistance in the world. Recent developments in Colombia, one of the longest-standing allies of the United States in the Americas, including the on-going investigation into ties between paramilitary organizations and sectors of Colombia's governing class have raised questions regarding the future direction of U.S. policy toward Colombia.

In a spirit of open communication, The Americas Project at the Center for American Progress is pleased to host a conversation with His Excellency Alvaro Uribe, President of Colombia, about these and other issues that shape the relationship between two of the most closely interconnected countries in the Americas.

SCIENCE 10 GRADE: AIDS

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1][2][3]

This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[4][5]
This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

AIDS is now a pandemic.[6] In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children.[7] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[7] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[8]
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.[9][10] AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.[11]

Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[12] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.

SOCIAL STUDIES 10 GRADE: Armed Groups In Colombia, ELN

ELN

National Liberation Army (Spanish: Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN) is a revolutionary, Marxist, insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating in several regions of Colombia since 1964.

The ELN is less known than the largest Colombian rebel group, the FARC, is smaller, estimated at between 3,500 to 5,000 guerrillas.

Unlike the FARC, which has a strongly orthodox Marxist background, the ELN, at least at the beginning, was strongly influenced by the liberation theology.

The US State Department has listed the ELN as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, ostensibly because of its notorious reputation for ransom kidnappings and armed attacks on Colombia's infrastructure. In April 2004, the European Union added the ELN to its list of terrorist organizations for those actions and its breaches of humanitarian law.[1]

The ELN has also occasionally operated with the FARC-EP and it has also targeted civilians, according to a February 2005 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: "During 2004, the FARC-EP and the ELN carried out a series of attacks against the civilian population, including several massacres of civilians and kidnappings by the FARC-EP. There were occasional joint actions by the FARC-EP and the ELN."[2]
Some of the ELN's main practices include the proliferation of ground mines, which have sometimes hurt or killed civilians.

In mid-2006, mutual rivalries between local FARC and ELN forces escalated into hostilities in Arauca, along the border with Venezuela. According to the BBC, "the FARC have for some years moved to take over ELN territory near the Venezuelan border, and the smaller rebel army reacted by killing several FARC militants". A statement posted on FARC's homepage accused the ELN of "attacks that we only expected from the enemy". [3]

The ELN's main source of income is the levying of taxes from businesses and middle class civilians in its areas of operation. To enforce these taxes, they frequently take civilians captive to use as leverage. While the ELN uses the terms "war taxes" and "retentions" for these actions, critics insist they constitute "extortion" and "kidnapping".[4]

SOCIAL STUDIES 10 GRADE: Armed Groups In Colombia, FARC

FARC-EP

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo), also known by the acronym of FARC or FARC-EP, is a self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist revolutionary guerrilla organization.

FARC is a VNSA, considered a terrorist group by the Colombian government,[1] the United States Department of State,[2] Canada[3] and the European Union.[4][5] Other governments, including the Cuban and Venezuelan governments, are more sympathetic to FARC.[6] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez publicly rejected their classification as "terrorists" in January 2008, considering them to be "real armies", and called on the Colombian government and international community to recognize the guerrillas as a “belligerent force”, arguing that this would then oblige them to renounce kidnappings and terror acts in order to respect the Geneva Conventions.[7][8]

FARC was established in the 1960s as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party and thus originated as a guerrilla movement. The group later became involved with the cocaine trade during the 1980s to finance itself,[9] but remained closely tied to the Communist Party even as it created the Patriotic Union in the early 1980s and later a political structure it calls the Clandestine Colombian Communist Party (PCCC).

FARC remains the largest as well as the oldest insurgent group in the Americas. According to the Colombian government, as of 2008, FARC have an estimated 6,000-10,000 members, down from 16,000 in 2001, having lost about half their fighting force after President Álvaro Uribe took office in 2002.[10][11][12] However, in 2007 FARC Commander Raul Reyes claimed that their force consisted of 18,000 guerrillas.[13]

SOCIAL STUDIES 10 GRADE: The Demilitarized Zone In Colombia

A TRUE STORY: Life inside the demilitarized zone .
By Teresa Gutierrez

I had the good fortune to travel with an International Action Center delegation to Colombia in November 2000. Our delegation, headed by former U.S. Atty. Gen. Ramsey Clark, visited representatives from various sectors of the movement for social change.

We spent some time in Bogotá as well, and the "zona de despeje"--the demilitarized zone. This zone is currently very much in the news as the administrations of U.S. President George Bush and Colombian President Andres Pastrana present a bellicose ultimatum to the rebels who have been operating in the zone for almost three years.

Our delegation spent a couple of nights in San Vicente de Caguán, a small town inside the zone. We walked the streets, ate dinner at the plaza and talked to residents. We also spent a couple of nights at the encampment of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army (FARC-EP), just a few miles from San Vicente.

When we first arrived in San Vicente the atmosphere there, compared to that of Bogotá, immediately struck me.
Bogotá was tense, people cautious, afraid to talk about the political situation.
But it is different in San Vicente. There, people are very open. As you walk the streets, the air is festive as music rings out all around you.

The youth play basketball in the park. The hotel and restaurant workers, taxi drivers-everyone--carry themselves differently. They do not appear to be tense or watching their backs at every moment. And they were eager to talk with us about the political situation.